Slide fastener manufacture



G. WALDES Oct. 13, 1970 SLIDE FASTENER MANUFACTURE Original F'iled Dec.5, 1966 2 Sheets-Sheet 1 United States Patent O Int. Cl. A44b .Z9/12,19/36 U.S. Cl. 24-205 4 Claims ABSTRACT F THE DISCLOSURE A plastic-coilzipper chain comprising a pair of zipper tapes separably securedtogether throughout corresponding major length portions thereof by theintermeshed inner-end portions of the convolutions of plastic coils,each comprising a running series of such convolutions and which are sewnto their respective tapes by rows of stitches passing over the outer-endportions of said convolutions, the convolutions of at least one of saidplastic coil throughout the length portion of its tape which extendsbetween said major length portion and its end edge being devoid of saidinner-end portions and the remaining outer-end portions of a number ofsaid convolutions being fused to said tape and the stitches securingsame to said tape.

This is a division of application Ser. No. 599,315 tiled December 5,1966.

This invention relates generally to slide fastener manufacture, and moreparticularly to a method of producing improved slide fasteners, alsocommonly referred to as zippers, from continuous fastener chain of thetype employing as the fastening means thereof coils or helices ofplastic filaments sewn to their respective tapes as by longitudinal rowsof stitches, and the improved product thereof.

In the prior method of zipper production from continuous chain asaforesaid, a problem arises consequent to the cutting of the individualzipper lengths from the continuous chain. More particularly, when thethread or threads of the stitches which secure the plastic coils orhelicies (hereinafter for convenience referred to simply as plasticcoils) to their tapes are severed during the couse of the zipper lengthsbeing cut to length from the chain, they tend to loosen whereupon theends of the plastic coils, because of their inherent springness, tend tostick up from the tapes by an amount greater than the inside dimensionof the channel of the slider which is to be assembled to said zipperlength to render it operative as a zipper, and this of course makes fordifficulty in slider assembly.

The particular end structure which must be given the lower end of thetapes of each zipper length of fastener chain as adapts same for use asa ily closure for mens trousers, pants, etc. gives rise to yet anotherimpediment to ready slider assembly. In explanation, trouser-tiy zippersare not formed with the conventional fastener-free tape extensions atboth ends thereof as are most garment zippers. Rather, zippers for suchuse are not required to have any fastenerefree tape extensions at theirupper ends, because such ends extend into and are sewn into the trouserwaistband, and their bottom ends must be specially formed to permit thelower end of the zipper chain to be sewn into the trouser crotchportion, as well as to enable slider assembly thereto. Such with theplastic-coil zipper requires that the plastic coil of one of the zipperstringers be cut away entirely from its tape for a length correspondingto the conventional tape extension, whereas the plastic coil of theCompanion tape is left on its tape 'ice and thus extends fully to thebottom edge of the latter. Thus, when the threads of the stitching whichsecure the retained end portion of the plastic coil loosen from the tapemounting same, the tendency of the plastic coil to stick up increasesinasmuch as it lacks such hold-down force as the plastic coil of thecompanion tape would impart thereto if the latter were also retainedrather than being removed.

Stated generally, the object of the present invention is the provisionof a method of producing zipper lengths of slide fastener chain fromcontinuous chain employing plastic coil as the fastening means thereof,which substantially overcomes the afore-mentioned difficulties inassembling the slider required to open and close the nal zipper to eachsaid zipper length.

A more particular object of the invention is the provision of a methodby which the threads of the stitches which secure the coils ofplastic-coil type zippers produced by cutting same to lengths asrequired from continuous plastic-coil chain to their respective tapesare prevented from loosening from said tapes at or adjacent their endswhich are cut through incident to the cutting of the zipper lengths fromsaid continuous chain.

Another object of the invention is the provision of a method of sealingthe cut ends of the threads of the stitches which secure the plasticcoils of zipper-lengths of slide fastener chain cut from continuousplastic-coil slide fastener chain to their respective tapes.

Yet another object of the invention is the provision of a method ormethods as aforesaid which is equally adaptable to the production ofzipper lengths of plastic chain for general use and which are providedwith conventional tape extensions at both ends thereof and to theproduction of zipper lengths of plastic-coil chain as used in the pantstrade, i.e. zipper lengths characterized by a tape extension at thebottom end of the one tape only which is to be sewn into the crotchportion of the pants or trousers.

Another object of the invention is the provision of a method asaforesaid which is capable of being practiced or applied during theoperation of severing or cutting apart the individual zipper lengthsfrom said continuous chain and through the use of the same cutting-punchtype of tool that is employed to sever said individual lengths from thecontinuous chain..

A further object of the invention is the provision of a method, wellsuited to the requirements of the manufacturer of garments such aspants, trousers, slacks, shorts, etc. employing the so-called continuouschain method of producing plasticecoil zippers :which serve as theclosure for the flies of such garments, of imparting to the lower endsof the individual zipper lengths of chain cut from said continuous chainthe structure and configuration enabling simple and speedy assembly ofthe slider for operating the y closure t0 said individual zipperlengths.

In its product or article aspects, the invention further contemplatesand aims to provide individual zipper lengths of plastic coil-type slidefastener chain characterized by at least a bottom-end construction whichgreatly facilitates the assembly of the sliders for operating the linalzippers to the Zipperechain components thereof.

The above and other objects and. features of the invention will be morereadily understood from a consideration of the following. detaileddescription read in light of the accompanying illustrative drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a plan View intended to illustrated the general structure bothof a continuous plastic-coil slide fastener chain of indeterminatelength and of one of the individual zipper lengths having so-called tapeextensions at both ends thereof which has just been cut to the sizerequired from the lower end of said continuous chain;

FIG. 2 is a greatly enlarged plan view of the bottom end of eachindividual zipper length of chain cut from the continuous chainaccording to the invention;

FIG. 3 is an end view of the zipper length of chain shown in FIG. 2;

FIG. -4 is a transverse sectional view taken on line -4-4 of FIG. 2;

FIG. 5 is a broken-away inverted perspective view of a so-'called hotknife employed according to the invention in cutting off individualzipper lengths of chain from a continuous chain and simultaneouslytherewith sealing the cut-through ends of the threads of the stitcheswhich secure the plastic-coil components of said chains to theirrespective tapes;

FIGS. 6, 7, 8 and 9 are views which correspond generally to FIGS. 1, 2,3 and 5, respectively, while at the same time illustrating the bottomend portion of a zipper length of plastic-coil chain of the typesatisfying the requirements of a fly-closure Zipper and furtherillustrating the modified hot knife employed in lfashioning same; and

FIG. l is a view corresponding generally to each of FIGS. 2 and 7 butillustrating a modified bottom-end construction for zipper lengths ofplastic-coil chain also for use in making up trouser-fly closures.

Referring to the drawings in detail and first considering FIGS.linclusive thereof, FIG. l in its upper portion generally illustrates along length of continuous slide fastener chain C comprising a pair offastened-together stringers S1 and S2, and in its lower portion acut-off Zipper length of chain designated Z assumed to have just beencut from said continuous chain. The aforesaid stringers rwhich comprisesaid continuous chain and of course each cut-off zipper length are madeup of exible tapes 10 and 12 carrying plastic-coil type fastening means10a, 12a along their adjacent longitudinal edges thereof. As is wellunderstood, the tapes provide means for securing the individual zipperstringers to opposite sides or parts of a garment, and the plastic coilfastening means 410a and 12a constitute the means for fastening theStringer tapes along adjacent edges with movement of a slider SL(indicated in broken lines) in upward direction, and unfastening samewith movement of the slider in downward direction.

It is to be understood that the plastic coils 10a, 12a are each formedof a plastic filament shaped to coil or helical formation and aresecured to the adjacent edges of their respective fabric tapes 10, 12 bylines of stitching designated 14a, 16a. While any one of the prior artforms of plastic coil or filament-type fastening means may be employedaccording to the invention, the plastic coils shown for purpose ofsimple disclosure are characterized by somewhat flattened or ovalconfiguration, with the individual loops or convolutions thereof beingdisposed in generally parallel relation. FIG. 3 in particularillustrates further that the relatively inner-end portions of the loopsor convolutions intermesh with one another, that the threads of thestitching 14a, 16a secure the relatively outer-end portions of the loopsto their tapes, and that the stitch rows locate the loops orconvolutions in a position transversely of the tapes such that theirsaid inner-end portions project lwell beyond the corresponding inneredges of said tapes.

'It is explained further that while FIG. 2 shows only the tapeextensions designated 10x, 12x, which are conventionally provided on thebottom ends of the tapes of each zipper length of fastener chain, FIG. lmakes it clear that the top end of each such zipper length will also beprovided with corresponding tape extensions which are therein designated10y, 12y. Accordingly, it fwill be appreciated that the zipper lengthsof chain presently described are of the type intended for generalgarmentand article-closure use, as distinguished [from zipper lengths ofchain intended for trouser-ily closure use, for which latter applicationthe tapes of the zipper-length chains are devoid of top extensions andthe bottom ends of the tapes are specially configured, as will behereinafter described.

When severing individual zipper lengths of chain from a long strip ofcontinuous fastener chain, it was known to provide at the same time theaforesaid top and bottom tape extensions by cutting away the intermeshedor coupled inner-end portions of the loops of convolutions of theplastic coils for short lengths of chain extending to both sides of thetransverse lines of cut made through the chain tapes in thezipper-length, cutting-off operation. The means for effecting both tapeseverance and the cutting-way of the inter-meshed innerend portions ofthe plastic coils conventionally took the form of a reciprocatorypunch-type tool generally designated T having approximate cruciformconfiguration as shown in FIG. 5, that is, one combining a transverselyarranged knife blade 20 of length at least as great as the full width ofthe continuous chain C and having a transverse, sharply beveled cuttingedge 20a, and a longitudinally extending punch blade 22 fixedly securedto said knife blade 20 at the vertical center line of the latter andextending at a right angle therefrom and for equal distancescorresponding to the desired length of the tape extensions to beprovided from both sides of said knife blade, and being further providedwith longitudinally extending, parallel cutting edges 22a, 22b disposedslightly below the plane of said cutting edge 20a and which are spacedapart a distance such that the punch is adapted to cut away theintermeshng inner-end portions only of the oppositely disposed loops orconvolutions of the intermeshed plastic coils corresponding to theaforesaid plastic coils 10a, 12a. By reciprocating such a tool combininga tape-cutting knife and a coil cutting-away punch against a continuouschain C being fed intermittently in increments corresponding to therequired length of zipper between each working stroke of said tool, asuccession of zipper lengths of chain each having tape extensionscorresponding to those designated 10x, 12x and 10y, 12y at the oppositeends thereof 4may be produced from continuous chain at a fast rate.

However, when the cutting edge 20a of the knife 20 cuts through thetapes l0 and 12, it also cuts transversely across the threads of therows of stitches 14a, 16a which secure the outer-end portions of theloops or convolutions of the plastic coils 10a, 12a which remain on andare still secured by said stitches to said tapes at the ends of thelatter. When so cut, the stitches tend to loosen adjacent the cut-acrossends of the zipper lengths, since it is to such ends that the plasticcoils tend to stick up from their tapes. This is particularlyobjectionable when occurring at the bottom ends of the ziper lengths,since it is to such ends that the slider SL for operating the finalzipper in normal use thereof must be assembled. And of course anylateral displacement of the bottom ends of the remaining outer-endportion of the loops or convolutions of the partially cutaway plasticcoils from their initially fixed, sewn-down position resulting fromstitch loosening can also seriously interfere with the slider assemblyoperation.

According to the invention, the possbility of the stitches 14a, 16aloosening from their respective tapes adjacent the transverse lines ofcut made through the latter and the threads which form said stitches issubstantially eliminated by the herein proposed, relatively simpleprocedure of applying heat and pressure to the outer-end portions of theendmost loops or convolutions, i.e. a small number thereof disposedclosely adjacent said transverse lines of cut, of the plastic coil orcoils which remain secured to their tapes by said stitches following theaction of the punch 22 in cutting away the intermeshng inner-endportions of said loops or convolutions, requisite to the softening orfusing of the plastic material of said endmost remaining portions andthereupon the reshaping thereof into small-area plastic seals which sealthe cut thread ends to their respective tapes.

Preferably, heat is aplied to the aforesaid remaining outer-end portionsof said loops or convolutions still secured to the tapes directly fromthe knife-blade 20` which,

together with the punch 22, is bodily heated by means of one or moreheating elements built into the tool holder which mounts said blade andpunch. While the details of such a heated tool have not been shown, theyare well known since the tool in question falls in the category of oneknown in that art as a hot knife.

Preferably also, pressure required to reshape the plastic material ofthe outer-end portions of the loops or convolutions of the coilsremaining on the tapes as aforesaid is applied through said tool T, butonly locally to the endmost ones of said outer portions. Moreparticularly, the required pressure is applied by the blade-edgeportions designated 24a, 26a which are disposed just to the sides of thepunch 22 and which, by virtue of the fact that they are portions of theblade edge 20a which, in cutting through the tapes and coils in thezipper-length cutting-apart operation, actually from the ends of saidzipper length, are favorably disposed to act on only the endmost of saidouter-end portions of the coils or loops remaining on the tapes.

The degree of pressure lwhich said blade-edge portions 24a, 26a arecapable of exerting on the endmost of said outer-end portions of theplastic loops or convolutions remaining on the tapes is obtained byproper choice of the angle or angles of the beveled or inclined edgesurfaces 20x, 20y which intersect to form said cutting edges 20a, beingsuch that said surfaces will exert a substantial component of downwardforce against the coil portions which they engage when the blade 20 isreciprocated against the latter.

Of course it is to be understood that other forms of pressure applyingmeans than the blade portions 24a, 26a may be employed. But regardlessof its specific structure, the pressure applying means in all cases willfunction to mash down and reshape said endmost outer-end portions of thecut-through loops or convolutions of the plastic coils remaining ontheir respective tapes following the action of the punch blade 22 incutting away their intermeshing inner-end portions, upon said outer-endportions being softened or fused to a flowable state or condition by theheat imparted thereto by the heated blade 20.

Thus, when the tool T is reciprocated against a continuous plastic-coilchain C, it not only cuts apart therefrom a predetermined length ofchain corresponding to a desired zipper length and substantiallysimultaneously therewith cuts away and removes the intermeshed innerendportions of the plastic coil components of said chain for short lengthsthereof extending to the opposite sides of the line of zipper-lengthseverance from the chain proper, but also, consequent to at least thecutting blade 20 being heated and being further provided withpressureapplying edge portions 24a, 26er located as aforesaid, iteffects softening and reshaping of the outer-end portions of the endmostloops or convolutions of said plastic coils which remain secured totheir respective tapes by the threads of the stitches 14a, 16a to theform of small-area plastic spots which effectively seal the cut-throughends of the threads of said stitches resulting from the zipper-lengthsevering operation to their respective tapes at those very locationswhere they would tend to loosen therefrom. Stated otherwise, saidplastic spots formed of the plastic material of the endmost outer-endportions of the loops or convolutions making up the plastic chainsprovide thread seals which effectively seal the cut ends of the threadsof the stitching in place in manner broadly comparable to the action ofknown wax seals which seal the ribbon or ribbons of a ribboned documentplace.

While FIG. 2 shows the plastic-spot seals designated a and a' to beformed at the bottom end only of each zipper length of plastic coilchain Z, it will be understood that the same stroke of the tool T whichforms same also will form identical plastic-spot seals designated b, b'in FIG. 1 at the upper ends of each zipper length Z as it is severedfrom the continuous chain proper. Thus, as each zipper length of chain Zis cut from the long strip of continuous chain C, it will be providedwith tape exten- 6 sions at both ends thereof and also with plastic-spotthreadto-tape seals a and a at its bottom end and identical seals b andbt' at its top end.

Referring to FIGS. 6-9, which are intended to illustrate the applicationof the method of the invention to the production of zipper lengths ofplastic-coil fastener chain of the type used in making trouser-flyclosures by the socalled continuous chain method, such in the lirstinstance contemplates the provision of a continuous plastic-coil chain Ccomprising fabric tapes 10, 12 and fastening means in the form ofplastic coils 10a, 12a secured to adjacent longitudinal edges thereof bylongitudinal lines or rows of stitches 14a, 16a and which is in allrespects identical to the continuous plastic-coil chain C shown inFIG. 1. However, the Zipper lengths Zt cut therefrom for use in trouserflies differ from the previously described Zipper lengths Z in that suchare each provided with a so-called tape extension at the bottom end onlyand then usually only on the one (right-side) tape which is to be sewninto the crotch portion of the trousers for which it is to serve as afly closure, there being no requirement for a corresponding tapeextension or extensions at its top ends since the latter are insertedand sewn into the trouser waistband. Accordingly, as will be seen inFIG. 9, the tool T employed in cutting off individual zipper lengths Ztfrom the continuous chain `C has modied or T-conguration asdistinguished from the cruciform configuration of the tool shown in FIG.5.

That is to say, said tool T comprises a transversely extending knifeblade 30 and a longitudinally extending punch 32 comparing generally tothe knife blade 20 and punch 22 of the FIG. 5 tool but differingtherefrom in that the punch 32 extends vertically from only one face ofthe knife blade 32, rather than from both faces as with the FIG. 5 formof tool.

Other lesser differences are that the punch blade 32 is slightly offsetto one side of the vertical plane which extends centrally and at a rightangle through the knife blade 30 and is somewhat wider than thecorresponding punch blade 22 of the tool T, whereby its action is to cutaway the entire width of the right-side plastic coil 12a, as well as theedge portion of the tape 12 to which said coil is sewn, for the lengthof the coil andl tape corresponding to the length of the tape extensionto be provided, this in addition to cutting through and removing theinner-end portions of the loops or convolutions of the left-side plasticcoil 10a.

Thus, when the tool T is reciprocated against the continuous chain C, itwill by the action of the punch 32 cut away both the right-side plasticcoil 12al for the full width thereof and the tape edge-portions to whichit is secured for a length portion of coil and tape corresponding to thelength of the tape extension to be provided, thus to form the desiredcoil-free tape extension (designated 12z) thereon; it will further,again by the action of said punch 30, cut through and remove theinner-end portions of the loops or convolutions of the left-side plasticcoil 10a which previously were intermeshed with the coils orconvolutions of the cut-away portion of the right-side coil, whileleaving on the tape and still secured thereto by the line of stitches14a the partial or outer-end portions of the loops or convolutions ofsaid left-side plastic coil for a length thereof corresponding to saidtape extension formed on the right-side tape 12; and finally, by theaction of the blade 30, it will cut apart from the continuous chain azipper length of chain Zt. Since the aforesaid punch and knife operationcuts through the line of stitches 16a on a transverse line of cut justabove the tape extension 12z and further cuts through the line ofstitches 14a on a transverse line of cut defining the bottom end of eachzipper length, there is the danger of the threads of either or bothlines of stitches 14a., 16a loosening immediately above said lines ofcut, and consequent to such loosening, of the partially cut-away coil14a and/or the full coil 16a sticking up from or being disposedlaterally of their tapes adjacent their relatively bottom ends.

According to the invention, this possibility of thread or stitchloosening is positively prevented by sealing the cut-through ends of thethreads of both lines of stitches to their tapes. To this desirable end,the blade 3ft), in addition to being heated by the heating coilincorporated into the tool holder, all as aforesaid, incorporatespressure-applying blade-edge portions 34a, 36a corresponding generallyto the aforesaid pressure-applying formations 2411, 26a provided on theknife blade 20 and differing therefrom only in that said formations areeffectively disposed to the one side or face of the blade as that fromwhich the punch 32 extends, rather than extending to both sides of theknife blade 20, as with the FIG. 5 tool. Illustratively, said blade-edgeportions 34a, 36a are provided by inclining the beveled cutting-edgedefining surface 30x at a lesser angle to the vertical than theintersecting beveled-edge defining surface 30y. Also, the end cuttingedge of the punch 32` which makes the cut through the right-side coil12a is provided with a set-back designated 32a` which connects to abeveled end-edge 32d at the same elevation and having approximately thesame inclination as the aforesaid beveled cutting edge defining surface30x.

From the above, taken with the previous description of the functioningof the FIG. 5 form of tool, it will be understood that as the tool T isreciprocated against the continuous chain C, it will cut off apredetermined zipper length thereof suiting it to use as the Zipper of atrouserfiy closure. `It will also remove a length portion of theright-side plastic coil 12a as results in the provision of anelement-free extension 12z at the bottom end of the right-side tape 12.Furthermore, by the action both of the heated blade-edge portions 34a,36a incorporated into the cutting edge v30a of the blade 30 as describedand of the heated pressure-applying surface 32d formed at the end of thepunch 32, it will effect first a softening if not fusion of the plasticmaterial both of the partial or outer-end portions of the loops orconvolutions of the left-side coil a which are disposed immediatelyabove the transverse line of cut made by the knife edge 30a and of theendmost full loops or convolutions of the right-side coil '12a disposedimmediately above the line of cut made by the end edge proper of thepunch 32, and then a mashing down and reshaping of the softened or fusedloops or portions thereof to the form of plastic-spot seals designated cand c in the FIGS. 6'-8, which effectively seal' the cut-through ends ofthe thread or threads of the stitches 14a and 16a to the respectivetapes 10 and 12, and thereby prevent loosening of the threads and/orstitches from said tapes.

FIG. 10 illustrates what may be termed a carrying forward or developmentof the thread-to-tape sealing action according to the invention overthat previously described in connection with FIGS. 6-9. Moreparticularly, FIG. 10 shows that the threads of the stitches 14a whichsecure the partial or outer-end portions of the loops or convolutions ofthe lef-side coil 10a which remain secured to the tape 10 are sealed tosaid tape for the full length of the tape extensions provided by theaction of the punch 32 thereon, thereby to substantially increase thelength of and thereby the security provided by the herein thread seal.Such thread-sealing in length, as distinguished from spot-sealing, ispreferably achieved by providing the punch 32 with an elongatepressure-applying surface or step comparing to that designated 32d, butwhich extends fully along the one cutting edge of the punch 32 whichpartially cuts away the plastic coil 10a.

The action of such a further modified punch (which is heated aspreviously explained) and its pressure-applying surface or step is tosoften the cut-through outer-end portions of the loops or convolutionsof the plastic coil 10a remaining on the tape 10 and then to mash downand reshape same into the form of a flattened or strip-form seal c2which seals the threads of the stitches securing said remainingouter-ened portions for the full length of the tape extension.

Without further analysis, it will be appreciated that, consequent to thesealing of the threads which secure the plastic coil constituting thefastener elements of a plasticcoil zipper length of chain to theirrespective tapes at the particular location or locations where thestitches are are likely to loosen from the respective tapes throughwhich they pass, highly beneficial results are attained. Moreparticularly, by virtue of the fact that the plastic coils or portionsthereof sewn to the tapes cannot become displaced and/ or stick up fromtheir tapes at or adjacent the ends thereof which are cut through, andparticularly the ends thereof to which the zipper must be assembled, azipper length of plastic coil chain having a more vfinished appearancethan hitherto possible is attained, and also the assembly of the sliderto the bottom end of each zipper length is greatly facilitated.

While preferred procedures and embodiments according to the inventionhave been described and illustrated, it is to be understood that changesand modifications may be made therein without departing from the scopeof the invention as defined by the following claims.

I claim:

1. A plastic-coil zipper chain comprising a pair of zipper-length tapesseparably secured together throughout corresponding major-lengthportions thereof by the intermeshed innerend portions of theconvolutions of plastic coils each comprising a running series of suchconvolutions and which are sewn to their respective tapes by rows ofstitches passing over the outer-end portions of said convolutions, theconvolutions of at least one of said plastic coils throughout the lengthportion of the tape which extends between said major-length portion andits terminal-end edge being devoid of said inner-end portions and theremaining outer-end portions of at least a small number of saidconvolutions which are disposed immediately adjacent said tape-end edgebeing fused to said tape and stitches thereby sealing the threads of atleast the endmost stitches to said tape.

2. A plastic coil Zipper chain according to clairn 1, wherein theconvolutions of the plastic coils of both tapes throughout the lengthportions thereof Which extend between their said major-length portionsand the corresponding end-edges of the tapes are devoid of said innerend portions and the remaining outer-end portions of a small number ofsaid convolutions are fused to both said tapes as aforesaid.

3. A plastic-coil zipper chain according to claim 1, and wherein theother tape for the length portion thereof extending from saidmajor-length portion to its end e-dge is completely coil-free.

4. A plastic-coil Zipper chain according to claim 3, and wherein theremaining outer-end portions of all those convolutions of said oneplastic coil which are devoid of their inner ends as aforesaid are fusedto said tape and stitches as aforesaid.

References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,170,207 2/1965 Morin. 3,333,3058/1967 Taylor. 3,340,579 9/1967 Tamura.

FOREIGN PATENTS 1,461,124 10/1966 France.

BERNARD A, GELAK, Primary Examiner

